U.S.–China Relations in the Second Half of the 19th Century: Historical Preconditions and Characteristics

The article examines the historical preconditions and characteristics of U.S.–China relations in the second half of the 19th century. It analyzes the formation of the American “Open Door” policy, which sought economic expansion in China without territorial colonization, in contrast to European powers. The study highlights China’s severe crises following the Opium Wars, defeats in the Sino-French (1884–1885) and Sino-Japanese (1894–1895) wars, and the imposition of unequal treaties. Special attention is given to the U.S. mediating role, active missionary educational and medical activities, trade development, military modernization (e.g., the “Ever Victorious Army”), and educational exchanges. These efforts helped shape a relatively positive image of the United States in China. The author emphasizes the relevance of this historical experience for understanding contemporary U.S.–China rivalry and its implications for Ukraine’s international position.